What is Peritoneal Cancer and How is it Diagnosed?

Peritoneal cancer is a rare but serious disease that has a significant impact on those affected. It develops in the peritoneum, a thin membrane that lines and protects abdominal organs such as the stomach, liver and intestines. The disease can appear either as a primary form, originating directly in the peritoneum, or as a secondary form, spreading from other types of cancer.

There are two main types:

• Primary peritoneal cancer: Originates within the peritoneum itself and is more commonly diagnosed in women.
• Secondary peritoneal cancer: Results from the spread (metastasis) of another cancer, such as ovarian, colon, appendix or stomach cancer.

At the Peritoneal Cancer Institute, we recognize the importance of understanding this complex disease. Early detection is vital, as timely diagnosis significantly increases the likelihood of successful treatment and improved patient outcomes.

What Causes Peritoneal Cancer?

That exact cause of peritoneal cancer is not fully understood. However, research suggests that genetic factors may play a significant role, with possible family history or inherited gene mutations contributing to an increased risk. Other potential causes include exposure to certain environmental substances and the spread of cancer cells (metastasis) from other organs such as the ovaries, colon, appendix or stomach. Peritoneal cancer may develop through several mechanisms: malignant transformation of peritoneal cells (primary peritoneal cancer), dissemination form other organs (secondary peritoneal cancer), influence of the tumor microenvironment, as well as other triggers such as genetic predisposition, environmental exposure or chronic infections.

Symptoms of Peritoneal Cancer

Peritoneal Cancer often presents with nonspecific symptoms, which makes early detection challenging. The most common signs include: abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating or a persistent feeling of fullness, changes in bowel habits, loss of appetite, unexplained or persistent fatigue.

Because these symptoms can resemble those of other, less serious conditions, it is essential to consult a specialist if they persist, in order to obtain an accurate diagnosis and begin appropriate evaluation or treatment.

How is Peritoneal Cancer Diagnosed?

Diagnosis of peritoneal cancer requires the expertise of a multidisciplinary medical team specialized in oncology and abdominal diseases. The process typically involves several steps to ensure accuracy and a comprehensive assessment:

1. Imaging Tests: Diagnostic imaging such as computed tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound is performed to identify abnormal masses, peritoneal thickening or fluid accumulation (ascites) in the abdominal cavity.
2. Tumor Marker Analysis: Blood tests are used to measure levels of specific tumor markers, most notably CA 125, a protein often elevated in ovarian and peritoneal cancers. Elevated markers levels can support clinical suspicion but must always be interpreted in conjunction with imaging and other diagnostic findings.
3. Biopsy: A tissue or peritoneal fluid sample is obtained to confirm the presence of cancerous cells under microscopic examination. This can be performed through a laparoscopy (a minimally invasive surgical procedure) or image-guided aspiration, following precise sampling with minimal patient discomfort.
4. Specialized Medical Evaluation: Experts analyze all available results to determine the type, stage and extent of the disease.

Personalized Treatments: HIPEC and PIPAC

At the Peritoneal Cancer Institute, the most advanced technologies are used to treat patients with peritoneal cancer. Each patient undergoes a personalized assessment, and the most innovative techniques available are applied for the treatment of this disease.

The team led by surgeon Domenico Sabia, Director of the Peritoneal Cancer Institute, specializes in two revolutionary techniques for treating colorectal cancer: Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) with HIPEC and Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC).

If you or someone close to you is experiencing persistent symptoms, do not hesitate to seek specialized medical care at the Peritoneal Cancer Institute to receive a personalized diagnosis. We are committed to providing individualized information, equipped with the necessary resources and supporting patients throughout the entire process. For more information, please contact us at info@peritonealcancerinstitute.com